Limit 01 of nine · Resources
No state resources used
287(g) deputizations: ~135 → 2,127 in eighteen months.
The problem
Washington can’t force a state to carry out federal civil enforcement — so it started paying for it. A DHS salary-and-bounty program effective Oct 1, 2025 now funds local officers per arrest, and deputization agreements jumped roughly fifteenfold to 2,127 in eighteen months. Because paying isn’t compelling, the courts don’t reach it — only a state law declining to take part does.
What the law does
Bars the state’s own officers, money, equipment, and facilities from being used for federal civil enforcement.
Where it stands
- Alaska: None
- Alabama: None
- Arkansas: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Arizona: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- California: Full
- Colorado: Full
- Connecticut: Full
- District of Columbia: Full
- Delaware: Partial
- Florida: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Georgia: None
- Hawaii: None
- Iowa: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Idaho: None
- Illinois: Full
- Indiana: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Kansas: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Kentucky: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Louisiana: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Massachusetts: Full
- Maryland: Partial
- Maine: Full
- Michigan: None
- Minnesota: None
- Missouri: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Mississippi: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Montana: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- North Carolina: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- North Dakota: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Nebraska: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- New Hampshire: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- New Jersey: Full
- New Mexico: Partial
- Nevada: Partial
- New York: Full
- Ohio: None
- Oklahoma: None
- Oregon: Full
- Pennsylvania: None
- Rhode Island: None
- South Carolina: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- South Dakota: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Tennessee: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Texas: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Utah: None
- Virginia: Partial
- Vermont: Partial
- Washington: Full
- Wisconsin: None
- West Virginia: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Wyoming: None (state law mandates cooperation)
- Puerto Rico: None
Methodology v3.4 · scored Jun 10 2026
The model language
Read the full model bill →“No state or local agency, and no officer, employee, or contractor of any state or local agency, shall use moneys, facilities, property, equipment, supplies, or personnel to investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, report, or arrest any person for purposes of federal civil immigration enforcement.”
What we propose
Bar any state or local agency from using money, staff, facilities, or equipment for federal civil enforcement — including honoring civil detainers without a judge’s warrant — while still complying with valid criminal warrants. Model: California SB 54 (§7284.6); Illinois Way Forward Act.
Who’s already done it
16 states + D.C. have a version; 11 at full strength — CA, CO, CT, DC, IL, MA, ME, NJ, NY, OR, WA. California’s SB 54 (2017) is the tested model — challenged in federal court and upheld.
On the record
- DHS officer-salary & per-arrest payment program, effective Oct 1 2025
- ICE 287(g) roster — 2,127 MOAs (Jul 14 2026)
- Anti-commandeering: New York v. United States (1992); Printz (1997); Murphy v. NCAA (2018)
Status: mixed — courts struck the money-coercion vector; the paid-personnel vector is surging unchecked.
One of nine.
Not the whole fight.
See where your state stands on all nine limits, or read the model bill section that closes this one.
Check your state → ← Back to the Nine